“Life is not a spectacle or a feast; it is a predicament.” -George Santayana

A Feast During the Plague is one of three of Alexander Pushkin’s plays [published?] during his lifetime. This play is particularly iconic as its origins and inspirations are very different from his other plays. As explained in The Little Tragedies, Pushkin derived some inspiration for this play from his visit to the Caucasus where he witnessed the outbreak of the plague in Erzum, Armenia. Pushkin’s tragedy, which takes place in the 19th century, is about a man who is having a feast when the entire city is dying of Cholera. Pushkin, however, writes this about the plague not merely as a means of reflecting on his personal experiences, but the idea of “plague” in this play offers a deeper metaphorical symbolism. Throughout the play, Pushkin forces his audience to grapple with the questions:

 

“What is the response of an individual to a catastrophe that has enveloped the community as a whole but he or she has so far escaped? Is it possible to save oneself by turning one’s back on the doomed community, or does one’s own humanity demand solidarity with other human beings even in their agony? And what bond — if any — remains between the saved and the lost? The living and the dead?

(Pushkin, 182)

 

The feast and the members in attendance, according to Pushkin, represent a microcosm of the larger society. Pushkin, therefore uses this small society to draw the audience’s attention to the relationship between the living and the dead. He therefore uses this setting to pose the following questions: To what extent do the revelers at the feast act as a true microcosm of the larger society? We believe that the revelers expose only a small faction of society. However, their thoughts and experiences reflected in the play demonstrate that like the victims of the plague in Defoe’s A Journal of the Plague Year, the experience of a plague or catastrophe forces the individual to switch his/her already established convictions from the idealized belief in the glorified society, to the glorification of the individual self.

 

SIDE NOTE: *How is Mr. Walsingham represented at the feast? Does he truly embody the character of a chairman seated at the helm of affairs, or does he stand in a representative for the audience watching the play?

 

The idea of hosting a “feast” during a plague was to celebrate that most of Mr. Walsingham’s group is still alive; that’s why they shouldn’t grieve over their dead friend and they should drink to the fact that they are still alive, and for the memory of their dead friend, Jackson. The Feast symbolizes the consumption of lives, the toast itself symbolizes life though they are actually toasting for a loss of life. Their act of enjoying what is left of life overrides their emotions of grief to the loss of a friend. They were feasting in the street, while a cart that is weighted down with the bodies passes by. Were they ignoring the fact that the disease is contagious or were they just accepting that death is inevitable? The Chairman started the feast by Mary singing a sad song. Mary’s song compares the church before and during the plague by saying it was “full of folk,” and “the steeple bell would sound.” However, during plague the church became “mute and empty,” “like a burned, abandoned homestead”  (Pushkin, 96-97). This leaves us with a question: Why did people stop going to the church during the plague? Was it to avoid gathering because the disease is contagion?

 

In The Mask of the Red Death, by Edgar Allan Poe, Prince Prospero, the main character, decided to isolate thousands of people from higher classes in an abbey to protect them from a contagious disease called the Red Death. In A Feast During the Plague, the group was also celebrating during a plague but they weren’t trying to protect themselves from the plague. The group seems to accept the inevitability of death because they are feasting, while a cart that is weighted down with bodies passes by.

 

The question of “the bond” between the living and the dead does not lie with the physical or emotional bond per se, but with the choice of either acknowledging or denying those ties. The introduction of Mary’s ballad proves that there is indeed a convergence between the worlds of the living and the dead. In Mary’s ballad, there is no glorification of the isolated individual as “…there is no such thing as “we”: our church, our children, our fields. And in the disaster […], everything is we” (Pushkin 185). In fact, her ballad introduces an actual, physical example of the graveyard where the worlds of the living and the dead converge. The belief in the bond between the living and the dead is further strengthened as there is a reinstatement that that dead were once a part of the community of the living. So, even though the dead are not physically present, there still exists an emotional connection between both worlds that help to strengthen the bond. Even Mr. Walsingham acknowledges the link between the living and the dead. Mr. Walsingham beliefs that “…the nearness of death is an experience that sharpens the edge of of life, which intensifies one’s joy in living” (Pushkin 191). From this statement, we can infer that the living and the dead share similar experiences as they’ve both had to live on the edge of life. The only differences arise as the dead have crossed over that edge and the living, who haven’t, then use their experience to intensify their joy of living.

 

Mary’s song:

In A Feast During the Plague, one of the most touching moments is Mary’s song. The operatic account depicts the horrors and struggles of the wretched plague, whilst also following the doomed relationship between two lovers of this time. The final two lines of her hymn–

“All is still — the graves alone

Thrive and toll the bell”

–illustrate the binary contrast between the context. There was both happiness and horror. Pushkin’s purpose of the libretto was to emphasize the benefit of living in the middle rather on two binary extremes. This binary motif is illustrated from the title itself “A Feast” being held during the “Plague” a time of repulse. Although Mary’s hymn is important in its illustration, it is essential to emphasize the contrast by Walsingham, which contains a different note. Nevertheless, the binary does portray rather in appealing features after a while, allowing the reader to become comfortable with living a middle-class life. This was important during Pushkin’s time at the turn of the 20th century, as many changes were taking place in Russia, and the importance of the middle class was not as apparent with the traditional folklore or stories of royalty. To conclude, Mary’s song holds an important role in the libretto by emphasizing a binary contrast of the context, and the extremes that many should avoid.

 

Unlike Mary and Mr. Walsingham, Louisa refuses to acknowledge that a bond exists between the living and the dead. As expressed by the thoughts and words of Louisa, it can be inferred that for a bond to be existing between the living and the dead, there has to be a clear mode of communication. Louisa perceives the dead “were muttering in some hideous, unknown language” (Mary, stanza 1, lines 4-5). What role does communication play in establishing a link between the worlds of the living and the dead? Is verbal communication necessarily the only means of establishing a link between the two realms? The foreignness of the language, as expressed by Louisa acts as a means of alienating the world of the living from the world of the dead. So, the dead living and communicating in their own world can interact with each other and the living can do the same. But, there exists no bridged mode of communication to the link the world of the living to the dead.

 

How does the theme of love blur the contrasts between the glorification of the individual or the society,as established by Pushkin? (Pgs. 185-6) The theme of love as presented through the relationship between Edmund and Mary provides the audience with more food for thought outside the ones already highlighted by Pushkin on page 182. Pushkin, from the start of the play, has demonstrated a stark contrast between the living and the dead, and the glorification of the sole individual as opposed to the glorification of the society. However, the love that exists between Mary (who’s alive but is frightful of the plague) and Edmund (her lover) proves that the living individual chooses to exit, not for their own self-glorification or revelry — like the attendants of the feast, but for the glorification of another individual.

 

Interestingly, the translator of the play, Nancy K. Anderson, calls the young man’s proposal to toast for Jackson, a dead member of the feast, a form of “ugly egotism”, that he, as a member of a community, only displays caring for the ones closest to him and not necessarily the entire society. And Nancy points that his egotism roots from the deepest fear that the young man has of his possibly imminent death. Yet, isn’t it justified for him to put his life first ahead of others’ in such situation? This poses a question on the effect of a plague on a society: if it seems that the human egotism to preserve their own selves is natural, is the crumbling of society, as commonly found in literary works that present plague, inevitable in the face of disasters?

 

In The King Oidipous and Journal of a Plague Year, there are agencies — Oidipous in the former and the government of London in the latter — that seem to be responsible for efforts in putting an end to the plague and preventing the communities from falling apart. It appears that the cure for the plague comes from these agencies: Oidipous being assassinated and the government exercising the policy of shutting up houses of the infected. Yet in Pushkin’s play, these agencies are ostensibly absent, and this absence is perhaps why the people channel their frustration for a seemingly endless plague by having the feast. We may say that Mr. Walsingham holds the authority in the microcosm he creates at the feast table, yet even his proposed solution is that of ignoring the reality rather than confronting it. When he is criticized by the priest for initiating the feast, he shows his unstable stance on the approach towards the plague. The absence of scapegoat to yell at (like Oidipous) or government to turn to is what fuels the chaos rather prominent in the play. Everyone is caught up in their inner conflicts, and the audience, who may or may not have experienced a plague creeping into their cities, can feel this. Like Mr. Walsingham, who is left with his own thoughts after the priest leaves, this play, leaves us, too, in contemplation.

— Odera, Dayin, Noora and Nada.

5 Comments

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  1. Hi guys,

    I would like to share some of my opinions about the question: “Were they ignoring the fact that the disease is contagious or were they just accepting that death is inevitable?”

    I believe it is because they accepted that death is inevitable that they ignored the fact that the disease is contagious. If they think that death might not be the outcome, they will by all means try to avoid contracting the disease, even if the assumption that the disease is contagious might not have been proved yet.

    The evidence of the people having the notion of accepting death can be found in Mary’s song:
    “If my springtime too is blighted, / If the grave my lot must be.” [56]

    Mary seemed to declare her fate in a carefree tone, without fear and anxiety. Nevertheless, enormous courage was needed when it comes to accepting death. How were they able to make such decisions? In my opinion, thinking of the worst situation when encountering with predicaments is a good strategy in life; thinking that one has nothing more to lose keeps the person in a more positive mood. If the people during the plague lower their expectations, in other words, accept that death might be the outcome, then if they were fortunate enough to survive, they seemed to gain every moment they are living.

    Furthermore, fear is sometimes induced exclusively because people are facing the incidents alone; with no other people’s shoulder’s to lean on, no one to discuss with on the half road, people tend to feel overwhelmed. Yet, when everyone was experiencing the very identical thing, the plague and death, it didn’t sound like a big deal anymore because one might just be one of millions of people that underwent it. Why afraid about the unknown if everyone is on the very same track? Especially, if people have religion and believe in the afterworld, they will find death more consoling since they are able to meet with their loved ones that are already dead in heaven; in this perspective, death seems more likely a relief rather than torture and suffering.

    The points mentioned above are my opinions of why people during the plague accepted death. Feel free to discuss more about it with me!

    Best,
    Kai-Wen

    • @Kai-Wen, I do not believe that there is a concrete answer to the question. One may choose to lean towards the opinion that the revelers were ignoring the disease or towards the belief that they had accepted death as inevitable. Pushkin never really offered one concrete answer to the question, however, But it is important that we explore both sides to the coin. Personally, I feel like the revelers were aware of the disease and its effects (even one of their drinking brothers, Jackson, had been visited by the disease). But they intentionally chose not to acknowledge the severity of the disease. Instead, they chose to drown their fears in alcohol and ‘reveling’.

      I agree with your point on fear as well. Even though the revelers are in the company of their friends, physically, I believe that somewhere inside them, they feel alone. That fear of loneliness in dealing with the plague further increases the need for them to drink, revel and take their minds of what is truly going on around them. Their actions, unlike Mary’s, do not qualify as being “courageous” to be. Drowning your fears in alcohol as opposed to dealing with it head-on is not a courageous act in my books.

      I hope this helps,
      Odera Chiamaka Ebeze.

  2. “Were they ignoring the fact that the disease is contagious or were they just accepting that death is inevitable?”
    In the circumstance of a plague, imminent death is inevitable. However, regardless whether or not a city or village was hit by a plague death would still come. People will always die, the only difference is that with the existence of the plague death seems to be more realistic, it seems to be closer than it feels. Our main characters are all partying and enjoying themselves in hopes of living whatever is left of their lives. But they still feared death, they stopped mourning like everybody else but they were still afraid of being the next person to die.

    “Louisa: I dreamed I saw a hideous demon, black all over, with white eyes… He called me to his wagon. Lying in it were the dead—and they were muttering in some hideous, unknown language. Tell me: was it after all a dream? Did the wagon pass?” (Page 99, 110)

    I believe that what Louisa saw or dreamed of was an apparition of the Reaper or God of death and that he was reaping all the souls of those that have died. When she says he was calling to her to the wagon I am assuming that it is somewhat foreshadowing that she would be the next one to die although the story doesn’t continue after their party is over. Moreover she hurriedly asks if “after all” it was a dream and if the wagon had passed to know if she had died or not.
    I think that in the end they did not ignore the contagiousness of the plague but rather accepted that there is no way the plague would cease to be and they will more than likely die. They have accepted that their death will eventually come and would rather die “happy”.

  3. Hi guys!

    Great work on the Convenors post Odera, Dayin, Noora and Nada !. I would like to share my thoughts on the question “Why did people stop going to the church during the plague? Was it to avoid gathering because the disease is contagion?”

    The church is generally thought to be a safe place. A place where one need not fear anything, for the power of God abides there. In this play, the men and women want to feast and make merry and forget all things religious. They even try to get rid of the priest who tries to counsel them into stopping the feast.

    Religion is something that bonds a large group of people. The church acts as a safe house where a religious community can come together to seek comfort in the company of each other. However, in this case, it seems to be that the plague has caused the faith of many to be shaken. No one is willing to attend the church for fear of death.

    The church is also where prayers for the dead and dying are conducted. The constant reminder of impending doom can emotionally exhaust an individual. This could also be a reason why people stopped attending church. To stop being around constant mourning and sadness.

    Communities in plague stories are in constant fear of death. The church turns from being a safe house to a contagion chamber. There is always the doubt of who has the disease and whether anyone else is safe in such an environment. The irony!.

    The people seem to quickly lose religion and hope that the church community brings. And as Kai-Wen mentioned in her comment, If you have religion and faith, why fear the unknown?

    Best,
    Neha

  4. Thanks for these comments, everyone. Remember that conveners are supposed to respond to the comments on their post.

    I want to pick up on Neha’s final point. Religion or religious authority crops up in much of what we’ll read this semester, and the texts take different views on it. Usually, though, there’s some kind of discussion going on about social authority in relation to the outbreak. What is the role of government? Religion? Parents/kin? Medical establishment? What kinds of authority structures are these and what happens to them under stress? The literal thread of contagion is always at play, as Neha points out. But in what ways do these authorities struggle over other issues, such as individual mobility, compassion for the sick, etc.? And when it comes time to recover and rebuild, how have these institutions weathered the catastrophe?

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